AVO Modelling Considering Various Caprock and Reservoir Scenarios for Potential CO2 Storage in Smeaheie Area, Northern North Sea

Abstract

We have performed a comparative study of undrained triaxial testing with five different laboratories, to explore the reproducibility of test results. Opalinus Clay was sourced as testing material from a borehole at the Mont Terri URL. Cores were vacuum-sealed, and resin impregnated immediately after recovery. Systematic determination of basic properties such as water content, grain density and bulk mineralogy of specimens after testing assisted in diagnostic test evaluation. A detailed testing protocol was requested to avoid specimen damage during initial loading («swelling») and to verify specimen saturation. A balanced pore fluid was used for testing, and a consolidation phase was performed to reach specific target effective stress levels prior to the shear phase. One laboratory deviated from these protocols, as it did not use an external pore fluid. Instead, specimens were brought to variable saturation levels in a desiccator prior to assembling them into the rig. For specimens with almost identical basic properties, the test results were indeed found to be in very good agreement, despite the different procedures applied. Differences in test results can be attributed to material heterogeneity. The study provides compelling evidence that robust triaxial testing can be achieved with shales.